Realism
Realism asserts that the physical world exists independently of human perception and is governed by natural laws. It emphasizes sensory observation and practical knowledge.
Scholastic RealismA dualistic philosophy that recognizes both the natural and supernatural realms.Dualism
Sense RealismThe belief that knowledge is acquired through sensory perception and scientific observation.Perception
Social RealismAn approach that prioritizes practical, experiential knowledge over purely bookish learning.Practicality
Humanistic RealismA form of realism focusing on complete knowledge of man and society to prepare individuals for life.Holistic
Core Relationships
Sense Realism ➔ Scientific Realism
Aristotle ➔ Father of Realism
Theory ➔ follows Fact
Comparison of Realism Types
| Type | Primary Focus | Key Characteristic |
|---|---|---|
| Scholastic | Natural & Supernatural | Dualistic approach |
| Sense | Sensory Data | Scientific observation |
| Social | Experience | Practical knowledge |
| Humanistic | Man & Society | Life preparation |
Idealism
Idealism maintains that reality is fundamentally mental or spiritual, prioritizing ideas over material substance. It seeks to develop the mind and character.
Socratic MethodA cooperative argumentative dialogue based on asking and answering questions.Dialogue
DialecticA method of critical discussion used to investigate the truth of a proposition.Investigation
Subjective IdealismThe view that all knowledge is limited to one's own perceptions.Perception
Objective IdealismThe belief that ideas exist in an objective state independent of perception.Objective
Key Philosophers
SocratesTeacher of Plato; master of the Socratic method.
PlatoStudent of Socrates; central figure of Idealism.
AugustineIntegrates spiritual idealism with theology.
BerkeleyAssociated with Subjective Idealism.
Mind/Soul ➔ superior to Matter/Body
Education ➔ leads to the obliteration of evil
Educational Contexts & Diversity
Learning occurs within formal, non-formal, and informal contexts. Recognizing learner diversity is essential for fostering global citizenship.
Formal LearningStructured, organized instruction within established institutions.Structured
Non-formal LearningIntentional education outside traditional schooling.Intentional
Informal LearningSpontaneous learning acquired through daily experiences.Spontaneous
Learning DiversityThe variety of life experiences and needs students bring to education.Diversity
Learning Context Comparison
| Context | Structure | Intentionality |
|---|---|---|
| Formal | Highly Structured | High (Institutional) |
| Non-formal | Systematic | High (Organized) |
| Informal | Unstructured | Low (Spontaneous) |
Choice ➔ increases student effort
Alternative Educational Models
Home education and flexi-schooling offer personalized alternatives to traditional schooling, allowing for flexible scheduling and tailored curricula.
Home EducationParents or guardians take primary responsibility for a child's learning.Parental-led
Flexi-schoolingA hybrid model combining part-time school with homeschooling.Hybrid
Model Comparison
| Model | Setup | Primary Benefit |
|---|---|---|
| Home Education | Full-time at home | Highly personalized |
| Flexi-schooling | Blended (School + Home) | Flexibility of settings |
Home Education ➔ Personalized learning
Flexi-schooling ➔ Blends formal and informal settings
Foundation Education Assessment
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